Lipedema is a disorder of the subcutaneous fat characterized by an abnormal deposition of adipose tissue, pain, and bruising in the lower limbs. The disease presents as a bilateral increase in circumference of the lower extremities with sparing of the feet. It is seen almost exclusively in female individuals and presents during the second or third decade of life. Data on the epidemiology of lipedema is limited, but some studies estimate a prevalence as high as 10% in postpubertal females. Although the majority of patients with this disorder have an elevated body mass index (BMI), there is typically no excess adipose tissue above the waist.

The pathogenesis of lipedema is not completely understood but is believed to be multifactorial. Microvascular dysfunction and increased angiogenesis resulting from hypoxia secondary to excessive expansion of fatty tissue are also thought to play a role in abnormal tissue development. This microangiopathy in affected tissues is thought to lead to capillary fragility and subsequent leakage of protein and fluid. Abnormal distribution of alpha and beta estrogen receptors has been reported in fatty tissue of affected areas, and estrogen is believed to contribute to disease development. Familial aggregation of lipedema is commonly observed, and heritability of the condition is likely. Possible inheritance patterns include X-linked dominant or autosomal dominant pattern with sex limitation.

Lipedema is staged based on severity:

• Stage 1 – flat skin with enlarged subcutis
• Stage 2 – induration of overlying skin with irregular appearance
• Stage 3 – larger indurations and deforming fat deposits

There is often allodynia in the affected extremities; patients report feelings of heaviness, burning, spontaneous pain, or pain on pressure. Easy bruising is another associated feature.

The course of lipedema is chronic and can be progressive. Many women have stable disease, some have disease that progresses slowly over decades, and others experience a rapid progression. Secondary lymphedema (lipolymphedema) may develop at any time during the disease course and can occur gradually or suddenly.