Morphea in Child
See also in: External and Internal Eye,Hair and ScalpAlerts and Notices
Synopsis
The etiology of morphea currently is unknown, although potential exogenous triggers have been suggested, including infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), Borrelia burgdorferi, or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); local trauma; sunburn; surgery; and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinations for tuberculosis. The initial event in the pathogenesis is thought to be the induction of vascular damage that leads to activation of the immune system, excessive collagen deposition, and subsequent fibrosis.
In children, morphea is observed in a 2-3:1 female-male ratio, with the mean age of onset ranging from 7-10 years.
Morphea can be divided into the following clinical subtypes: linear, circumscribed / plaque, generalized, pansclerotic, and mixed morphea.
Linear morphea, the most common subtype in childhood, is characterized initially by a linear, indurated plaque. On the limbs, linear morphea is usually unilateral and can lead to limb-length discrepancies and possible limitations in mobility. The "en coup de sabre" variant is named for its location on the paramedian forehead that can cross onto the frontal scalp, with associated alopecia. This subtype can be associated with ocular, neurologic, and odontostomatologic complications. Progressive facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome, is thought to be a variant of en coup de sabre and involves diffuse unilateral subcutaneous atrophy of the face.
Circumscribed morphea, the second most common subtype in childhood, presents as single or multiple indurated, discrete plaques.
Generalized morphea is characterized by 4 or more plaques larger than 3 cm, involving more than 1 body site.
Pansclerotic morphea is the most severe and rare subtype. It is associated with significant morbidity. Patients present with joint contractures, muscle atrophy, and nonhealing ulcers. There is also an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
Mixed morphea denotes a combination of the features of the aforementioned subtypes.
Extracutaneous manifestations of pediatric morphea are becoming well recognized, as they may affect around one-half to three-quarters of patients. The most commonly affected systems are neurologic, musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, and dental, among others. Contrary to systemic sclerosis, involvement of the renal, cardiac, and pulmonary systems is rare.
Codes
ICD10CM:L94.0 – Localized scleroderma [morphea]
SNOMEDCT:
201049004 – Morphea
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Differential Diagnosis & Pitfalls
- Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
- Scleredema
- Scleromyxedema
- Lipoatrophy
- Amyloidosis
- Keloid or hypertrophic scar
- Erythema nodosum
- Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
- Chronic graft-versus-host disease
- Progeria or Werner syndrome
- Phenylketonuria
- Drug / chemical-induced sclerodermoid lesions
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Drug Reaction Data
Below is a list of drugs with literature evidence indicating an adverse association with this diagnosis. The list is continually updated through ongoing research and new medication approvals. Click on Citations to sort by number of citations or click on Medication to sort the medications alphabetically.Subscription Required
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Last Reviewed:03/19/2023
Last Updated:04/04/2023
Last Updated:04/04/2023
Morphea in Child
See also in: External and Internal Eye,Hair and Scalp